It should be noted, in reading this article, that well-managed and sustainable trophy hunting is playing an important positive role in conserving wild populations of many species in southern Africa, particularly on private land. This includes for elephant, southern white and black rhino, and many species of antelope. If landowners can gain an income from selling trophy hunting, as long they restrict that hunting to a sustainable level, this provides an incentive for them to maintain wild populations (rather than using the land for crops or livestock). Clearly lion hunting needs to be managed very carefully to avoid excessive impacts due to infanticide and group disruption from incoming males. Listing the lion under the US ESA would be a regrettable move and would greatly decrease the effectiveness of one of the many conservation strategies available for wildlife conservation in Africa.